†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Nutrition Quinoa, uncooked Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) melanospermum) that grow in the area it is cultivated these may either be related to wild predecessors, or they could be descendants of cultivated plants. There are non-cultivated quinoa plants ( Chenopodium quinoa var. Natural distribution Ĭhenopodium quinoa is believed to have been domesticated in the Peruvian Andes from wild or weed populations of the same species. Studies also suggested that reduction in stomatal density in reaction to salinity levels represents an essential instrument of defence to optimize water use efficiency under the given conditions to which it may be exposed. They provide osmotic adjustment, in addition to protection against oxidative stress of the photosynthetic structures in developing leaves. quinoa, some studies have concluded that accumulation of organic osmolytes plays a dual role for the species. In regards to the "newly" developed salinity resistance of C. The fruits (seeds) are about 2 mm ( 1⁄ 16 in) in diameter and of various colors - from white to red or black, depending on the cultivar. In the natural environment, betalains serve to attract animals to generate a greater rate of pollination and ensure, or improve, seed dissemination. The green hypogynous flowers have a simple perianth and are generally self-fertilizing, though cross-pollination occurs. A perfect flower has five sepals, five anthers and a superior ovary, from which two to three stigmatic branches emerge. Pistillate flowers are generally located at the proximal end of the glomeruli and the perfect ones at the distal end of it. These are small, incomplete, sessile flowers of the same colour as the sepals, and both pistillate and perfect forms occur. Each panicle has a central axis from which a secondary axis emerges either with flowers (amaranthiform) or bearing a tertiary axis carrying the flowers (glomeruliform). The flowering panicles arise from the top of the plant or from leaf axils along the stem. The woody central stem is branched or unbranched depending on the variety and may be green, red or purple. It has broad, generally powdery, hairy, lobed leaves, normally arranged alternately. Botany Quinoa seeds Red quinoa, cooked Description Ĭhenopodium quinoa is a dicotyledonous annual plant, usually about 1–2 m (3–7 ft) high. The Incas nicknamed quinoa chisiya mama, which in Quechua means "mother of all grains". The specific epithet quinoa is a borrowing from the Spanish quinua or quinoa, itself derived from Quechua kinwa. The genus name Chenopodium is composed of two words coming from the Greek χήν,-νός, goose and πόδῖον, podion "little foot", or "goose foot", because of the resemblance of the leaves with the trace of a crow's foot. The species Chenopodium quinoa was first described by Carl Ludwig Willdenow (1765 – 1812), a German botanist who studied plants from South America, brought back by explorers Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland. As a result of increased popularity and consumption in North America, Europe, and Australasia, quinoa crop prices tripled between 20. Its cultivation has spread to more than 70 countries, including Kenya, India, the United States and European countries. Almost all production in the Andean region is done by small farms and associations. The plant thrives at high altitudes and produces seeds that are rich in protein. It was first used to feed livestock 5,200–7,000 years ago, and for human consumption 3,000–4,000 years ago in the Lake Titicaca basin of Peru and Bolivia. Quinoa is not a grass but rather a pseudocereal botanically related to spinach and amaranth ( Amaranthus spp.), and originated in the Andean region of northwestern South America. It is an herbaceous annual plant grown as a crop primarily for its edible seeds the seeds are rich in protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins and dietary minerals in amounts greater than in many grains. ə/, from Quechua kinwa or kinuwa) is a flowering plant in the amaranth family. Chenopodium quinoa near Cachilaya, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia
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